Adams - Onis Treaty (Transcontinental Treaty) (1819) — negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams; established the border between Spanish territory and U.S.-owned Louisiana Territory; Spain renounced all claims north of the 49th Parallel (northern border of California); U.S. gave up any claims west of the Sabine River (Texas to California)

midnight judges — judicial appointments by John Adams and the Federalists in the period between Jefferson’s election (November, 1800) and his inauguration (March, 1801)

Zoot-suit riots (1943) — with the Japanese evicted from California, Mexican Americans became the next target of racial attack; zoot suits ( jackets with broad-shoulders and long tails, pleated baggy pants tapered and pegged at the ankles) were popular attire for young Mexican Americans; mobs of sailors, motivated by a so-called “crime wave,” went to East Los Angeles and initially attacked men in zoot suits; eventually mobs of sailors and soldiers simply attacked people in East Los Angeles; neither the Los Angeles police nor county sheriff made any attempt to protect citizens from these attacks; military officials ended the riots by declaring Los Angeles off-limits to all military personnel

Acheson, Dean — Secretary of State in the Truman Administration; played central role in Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, Point Four program, NATO, and the Korean War

Morris, Gouverneur — member Continental Congress; diplomat; Senator from New York; member of the Erie Canal Commission; responsible for decimal coinage and terms dollar and cent

Zimmermann, Arthur — German foreign minister in World War I; sent a telegram to German ambassador in Mexico City urging him to get Mexico to join the fighting in World War I on Germany’s side; resulted in United States involvement in World War I